Interest rates are a term often heard in economic and financial news. But what exactly are interest rates? How do they influence the economy? This article will discuss the definition of interest rates, their effects on the economy, and how changes in interest rates can impact the market.
What Are Interest Rates?
Interest rates are a specific percentage calculated from the principal amount of a loan that must be paid by the borrower to the lender over a certain period. It serves as a compensation for the lender for providing the borrower access to funds that could be used for other purposes.
Interest Rates in the Economic Context
Interest rates act as a bridge between individuals or entities in need of funds and those with excess funds. For those borrowing money from banks, they are charged interest, which functions as the "price" for that loan. Conversely, depositors receive interest as a reward for saving their money. In cases of loan defaults, banks can face financial difficulties, which can lead to banking crises, as seen in Indonesia during the monetary crisis of 1997/1998.
Fluctuations in Interest Rates
Changes in interest rates can affect the public's willingness to borrow money. Generally, when interest rates are low, people are more inclined to borrow for personal needs or business expansion. Conversely, at high interest rates, individuals prefer to save their money in banks rather than spend or invest.
On an international level, interest rates also influence foreign investor interest. If the interest rates in a country, such as Indonesia, are higher than in other countries, foreign investors are more likely to invest there. However, if the interest rates are too low, domestic investors may move their funds abroad.
Determination of Interest Rates by Central Banks
Central banks play a crucial role in determining benchmark interest rates, which are a tool of monetary policy. Here are two policies implemented by central banks:
Loose Monetary Policy: When central banks aim to increase the money supply, they may lower interest rates. This is usually done to address low inflation or deflation, encouraging consumers to spend and invest more.
Tight Monetary Policy: Conversely, if a central bank wants to reduce the money supply, it will raise interest rates to combat excessively high inflation. However, raising interest rates must be done cautiously, as it can burden companies and individuals.
Interest rates have a significant impact on the economy and the market. Understanding how interest rates function and their effects can help traders and investors make better decisions. By monitoring changes in interest rates, we can be better prepared to navigate fluctuations in the financial markets.
